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Anna Essinger
Anna Essinger (September 15, 1879 – May 30, 1960) was a German Jewish educator. At the age of 20, she went to finish her education in the United States, where she encountered Quakers and was greatly influenced by their attitudes, adopting them for her own. In 1919, she returned to Germany on a Quaker war relief mission and was asked by her sister, who had founded a children's home, to help establish a school with it. She and her family founded a boarding school, the Landschulheim Herrlingen in 1926, with Anna Essinger as headmistress. In 1933, with the Nazi threat looming and the permission of all the parents, she moved the school and its 66 children, mostly Jewish, to safety in England, re-establishing it as the Bunce Court School. During the war, Essinger established a reception camp for 10,000 German children sent to England on the Kindertransports, taking some of them into the school. After the war, her school took many child survivors of Nazi concentration camps. By the time Essinger closed Bunce Court in 1948, she had taught and cared for over 900 children, most of whom called her ''Tante'' ("Aunt") Anna, or TA, for short. She remained in close contact with her former pupils for the rest of her life.
== Early years ==
Essinger was born on ''Hafengasse'' ("Harbor Lane") in Ulm,〔Leslie Baruch Brent, ("A remarkable tribute: Ulm celebrates Anna Essinger's 125th anniversary" ) (PDF) ''AJR Journal'' (November 2004), p. 16. Retrieved October 4, 2011〕 the oldest of six girls and three boys,〔(Anna Essinger biography ) Anna Essinger Gymnasium. Retrieved September 28, 2011 〕 to a non-observant Jewish couple, Fanny (''née'' Oppenheimer) and Leopold Essinger. Her grandfather was David Essinger (1817–1899), a doctor.〔Leslie Baruch Brent, (Book review: "Unusual record of an unusual family" ) (PDF) ''AJR Journal'' (February 2010), p. 10. Retrieved October 4, 2011〕 Leopold Essinger had an insurance business and served in World War I in Verdun, France. While in the imperial German army, he became convinced that there was widespread anti-semitism among the officers.〔
In 1899, at the age of 20, Essinger went to the United States to live with her aunt in Nashville, Tennessee.〔(Anna Essinger biography ) Frauen verändern die Gesellschaft, a project of the Zentrum für Allgemeine Wissenschaftliche Weiterbildung at the University of Ulm. Retrieved September 28, 2011 〕 While in Tennessee, she became acquainted with Quakers, becoming deeply impressed and beginning a lifelong association with them. She graduated from college with a degree in German studies, financing her education by teaching German〔 and by running a private students' hostel, which she founded. She later received an M.A. in education at the University of Wisconsin,〔Richard W. Sonnenfeldt, (''Witness to Nuremberg'' ) Arcade Publishing, Inc. (2006), p. 121. Retrieved September 29, 2011〕 became a teacher and lectured at the university in Madison, Wisconsin.〔Michael Luick-Thrams, ("Part I: Persecution, Flight and Reception of WWII-era Refugees" See: Bunce Court ) Humboldt University, Berlin. Dissertation: ''Creating 'New Americans': WWII-Era European Refugees' Formation of American Identities'' (1997). Retrieved September 29, 2011〕 Working with Quaker-sponsored humanitarian aid, she returned to Germany〔Michael Luick-Thrams, ("Anna Essinger and the New Herrlingen School" ) Parish of Otterden website. Dissertation excerpt, ''Creating 'New Americans': WWII-era European Refugees': Formation of American Identities''. Retrieved September 28, 2011〕 in 1919. Her task was to convince mayors, teachers and school rectors to set up kitchens so that children could have a hot meal once a day. She also collected food and clothing.〔
In 1912, using her dowry, her sister, Klara Weimersheimer, founded an orphanage in Herrlingen, where she cared for problem children,〔 as well as those mentally unstable and retarded. In 1925, as her own children and many of the children in care came of school age, she got the idea to turn the orphanage into a ''Landschulheim'' (boarding school). Several members of the Essinger family became involved, paving the way for it to open a year later.〔 The ''Landschulheim Herrlingen'' opened on May 1, 1926 as a private boarding school with 18 children ranging in age from 6 to 12. Anna Essinger became headmistress and her sister Paula (1892–1975), a trained nurse, became the school nurse and its housekeeper.
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